# tblMDOtherEnv

MOEDetail:
It is expected that the greenhouse gas emissions will drop approximately 2600 ton CO2 equivalent per year.The baseline year is 2001.


MOEDetail:
There will be an associated reduction in noise exposure at the property subject to the AQMA plan.


MOEDetail:
56% of residents experienced reduction in noise levels of at least 3dBA.


MOEDetail:
30% decline in number of residents perceiving traffic as an environmental problem. Numbers of people severly irritated by noise had halved also. Other benefits included enhanced visual impression and reduced desire to move house.


MOEDetail:
10-15% reduction in traffic volumes and speed.


MOEDetail:
78% reduction in traffic accidents with injury.


MOEDetail:
Large improvements in barrier effect and visual environment (qualitative
assessment).


MOEDetail:
Fuel economy increase of approximately 0.03kpl for each 1 kph reduced. For example, reducing average speed from 112 to 104kph may save $1,450 annually per vehicle.


MOEDetail:
Measure found to lead to fuel savings of 5-10% on average and up to 20% in some cases.


MOEDetail:
Measure would affect up to 645,000 vehicles per day


MOEDetail:
Measure may bring in revenue of $500 million per year.


MOEDetail:
116 fewer respiratory deaths and 243 fewer cardiovascular deaths on Dublin alone.


MOEDetail:
Evidence of accelerated take up of natural gas for domestic heating in higher income groups. I.e. shift away from solid or liquid fuels altogether.


MOEDetail:
A slight reduction of CO2 in later years


MOEDetail:
Potentially adverse impact on the water quality due to run-off of the binding salt


MOEDetail:
The planned measures reduces the emissions of greenhouse gases.


MOEDetail:
Reduction of V50 of LDV from circa 94 km/hr to 71 km/hr and for HDV from 76 km/hr to 69 km/hr during off-peak hours [=free flow]. Improving free flow and reducing stop-and-go traffic conditions and reducing very high speeds [V90] from 122 for LDV to 85 km/hr and for HDV from 99 to 85 km/hr. Main traffic/vehicle/behaviour effects are: less speed, less high engine load conditions, less engine speed at average, a very homogeneous traffic flow [almost like keep-your-lane] and less low speed stop-and-go patterns on the hot-spot [which are most polluting]. Conclusion: better and less aggressive driver behaviour at lower speeds [more like eco-driving].N.B. All effects are very site-specific and cannot be guaranteed for other road sections with non-similar traffic patterns or structure.


MOEDetail:
More road safety via collision reduction. 50% reduction of road accidents/casualties


MOEDetail:
Direct health effects are hard to quantify but without doubt positive.


MOEDetail:
Less noise (noise was reduced with almost 50%) and less CO/HC emissions and less CO2 emissions [circa 15% at site section] and moreover less perceived nuisance.


MOEDetail:
Traffic changes resulting from charging are estimated to have led to savings of
19 percent in traffic-related emissions of CO2 and 20 percent in fuel consumed
by road transport within the charging zone (24-hour annual average day);


MOEDetail:
There is no evidence from sample noise measurements in and around the zone
of significant changes in the ambient noise climate.


MOEDetail:
The recent trend of overall year-on-year decreases in road traffic accidents seen
across London is to be continuing. There is no evidence of disproportionate
changes to the numbers of accidents involving two-wheeled vehicles, and there
is some evidence of an accelerated decline in accidents inside the charging zone;


MOEDetail:
Surveys of Londoners ‘on-street’ in and around the charging zone suggest that the
beneficial effects of congestion charging and other initiatives on environmental
quality are being recognised. However, the relationships between these ‘perceptual’
indicators and the more ‘scientific’ evidence is not clear-cut;


MOEDetail:
Health symptoms such as headache, eye and throat irritation have been shown to increase with increasing IMECA points. Hence, measures that reduce peak IMECA values will have a positive effect on health.


MOEDetail:
The measures should also result in reduced CO2 emissions due to the airport


MOEDetail:
Improved technology for aircraft emissions should also give adequate weight to reducing noise impacts of these craft.


MOEDetail:
Effect of the measure on emissions diminishes with time as the baseline vehicle fleet becomes cleaner.


MOEDetail:
Society could potentially benefit by up to £10-12 billion a year, in Great Britain alone, mostly
through time savings for road users. This is a gross amount that does not take into account the
costs of running the scheme.


MOEDetail:
The impact on carbon is not entirely clear-cut. While vehicles emit less carbon when they are
running in smooth conditions than in congestion, in pricing terms it is the overall level of the cost of
driving which affects carbon emissions rather than the differentiation in price according to time and
place that road pricing makes possible. Modelling suggests that an additional 1.5p/km raised either through fuel duty or by adding the same amount to road user charges would reduce CO2 emissions by 1MtC.


MOEDetail:
Operating costs have been around 10% of revenue, lower than the predicted 20%.


MOEDetail:
These air quality improvements occurred during a doubling of economic activity in the city.


MOEDetail:
21% less traffic deaths
12% reduced travel time
estimated 5% reduction in modal share of private vehicle journeys concurrent with 4% increase in modal share of non-motorized transit and 1% increase in modal share of public transit
less energy consumed
Less social segregation in public space and transit


MOEDetail:
Cohort stuidy showed reductions in bronchial responsiveness after implementation of the fuel regulation.


MOEDetail:
42% decrease in acute asthma events during the Games


MOEDetail:
Hospital admissions for bronchitis and asthma are found to be strongly correlated with PM10 levels and admissions for children were two to three times higher during winters when the mill was operational.
Later research (Ghio and Devlin, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 164 pp704-708,2001) strengthened the correlation between the mill emissions and health effects and suggested that unidentified specific components within the PM10 samples may be the cause of the observed health effects.


MOEDetail:
Evaluation of the impact on other pollutants are still to come form ASPA.


MOEDetail:
There is clearly an economic impact on industry where it is required to bear costs or scale down production during the pollution peak.


# tblMDSectorInf

MSIDetail:
By providing citizens with a good public transportation system, the need to use private vehicles will reduce.


MSIDetail:
All road transport - examining the potential for reducing vehicle numbers.


MSIDetail:
The by-pass would remove the source from the sensitive receptor.


MSIDetail:
We dissuade use of automobiles, and promote mass transit, carpooling, combining of trips, etc. We offer a highly-discounted “OzonePass” through employers in the Partnership for use by their employees on predicted high-pollution days.


MSIDetail:
On “Action Days” we ask industry to voluntarily defer or reduce pollution-causing activities.


MSIDetail:
Public mass transit bus emissions,ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel


MSIDetail:
evaluation fleets of CNG-fueled buses and both series-hybrid and parallel-hybrid (diesel/electric)


MSIDetail:
Deliveries prohibited from 12-18hrs. Other business movements prohibited between 9:30-13hrs and 15:30-18hrs.


MSIDetail:
New roads in Thurrock aim to restrict the HGVs from travelling down residential streets. Police enforcement


MSIDetail:
As well as new roads, new road layouts have been designed, including removing a one way system to improve vehicle flow.


MSIDetail:
Development of an integrated transport system with emphasis on modal shift from private commuting to public transport, cycling and walking.


MSIDetail:
People that don’t have a motorbike, an eco-diesel or a catalytic car  can’t use their cars three times a week. As consequence in those days we’ve got less car in the streets


MSIDetail:
Neapolitan single dwellings are much more controlled and safe


MSIDetail:
Citizen are obliged to make sure that their car has got the blue label; on the contrary they have to pay a high tax.


MSIDetail:
People can change their car even if they don’t have enough money to do it, but they  have to choose an electrical car
http://www.energie-cites.org/BD/PDF/nap-qua-en.pdf


MSIDetail:
People can’t use their cars during  Sunday’sMornings when our measure occurs


MSIDetail:
The Norwegian group is considering particular EURO-requirements to heavy duty vehicles within a zone


MSIDetail:
Reduced kilometres driven within Heidelburg


MSIDetail:
Reduction in kilometres driven within Heidelburg


MSIDetail:
Priority lanes for delivery vehicles. Enables free movement and less congestion for freight vehicles in the City Centre


MSIDetail:
Priority lanes. Low emission vehicles encouraged, idling engines penalised. Public Service vehicles- it will encourage operators to use low emission vehicles by offering reduced costs for bus station use within the zone.


MSIDetail:
Restrictions due to priority lanes and pedestrianisation. 20mph speed limit.


MSIDetail:
Restrictions due to priority lanes and pedestrianisation. 20mph speed limit. Encourages the use of public transport and smoothes traffic flow and excludes vehicles from certain areas.


MSIDetail:
Fees differentiated according to tonnage, emissions performance, sulphur content of fuel and whether additional abatement has been fitted


MSIDetail:
Arterial traffic bypasses the city centre. Roads are designated for pedestrians. Traffic halved in the zone affected.


MSIDetail:
Arterial traffic bypasses the city centre. Roads are designated for pedestrians. Traffic halved in zone affected.


MSIDetail:
Expansion in bus services, park and ride and bus priority lanes. Minimum emissions standards.


MSIDetail:
Possibly increasing areas of pedestrian and cycle priority in the city centre. Additional traffic control measures. Emissions test programme and information to encourage shift to cleaner vehicles. Emissions optimised speed on trunk roads. Dynamic traffic management. Promote commuter travel plans


MSIDetail:
Encourage take up of EMS noting potential cost savings through reduced waste.


MSIDetail:
Reducing cruise speed from 112kph to 104 or 96kph.


MSIDetail:
Smooth driving style
Subsidised training
Compulsory part of learner curriculum
Energy efficiency labelling to influence purchasing
Information on optimum tyre pressures
On-board fuel saving devices


MSIDetail:
Remove large vehicles from central urban area by high pricing.


MSIDetail:
Apply congestion charging on routes into the central urban area where congestion exists and where other transit options are available.
Charges to vary with time of day but discounts available for residents.
Traffic management to be overseen by a single transportation authority.


MSIDetail:
Improved road system including new bypass and provision of walking and cycling networks and public transport priority infrastructure.
Time and location regulated toll system with free passes for residents.


MSIDetail:
The objective is to reduce air pollution with soot particles from heavy diesel traffic by requiring all heavy diesel vehicles (trucks and busses above 3.5 tonnes) to be retrofitted with particulate filters in order to enter the inner city.
The cost can be subsidised to 30% of the total.


MSIDetail:
As a first stage electric and electric hybrid vehicles will be offered free parking throughout the City and significant discounts are to be offered to the cleanest vehicles, based on vehicle excise duty bands.
Those vehicles in the AAA category (up to 100 CO2 g/km) will be offered discounts of 75%, and those in the AA category (101-120 CO2 g/km) will be offered 50% discounts.  It is also recommended to keep prices low at the Park and Ride sites, to encourage greater use of this facility and discourage vehicles from entering the City Centre.


MSIDetail:
Freight surveys were carried out with distributors and local businesses, and an unattended delivery solution is being developed for use by local businesses and residents.  Work is also underway to develop a home-delivery solution for the city.  A freight map has been produced and is being reviewed by stakeholders.  This will be distributed to local businesses and to distributors, to provide improved information and guidance for deliveries in the City centre and for freight movements in the Winchester area.


MSIDetail:
Bus Departure Information Screens (BDIS) will deliver information regarding public transport.


MSIDetail:
Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) equipment is currently being installed at eleven sites throughout the City.  Four new Variable Message Signs (VMS) are currently being procured.  These will be installed on strategic routes entering the city.  The signs will display information relating to air quality and travel information.  In conjunction with ANPR system the VMS will also display travel time information to the city centre for various routes.


MSIDetail:
The aim is to exceed current Euro standards through the addition of continuously regenerating traps and selective catalyst reduction.  Thirteen new vehicles have been obtained with extra emission reducing equipment fitted to extend them beyond Euro III, and thirty vehicles are to be re-engined or have emissions reducing equipment fitted. The Winchester city fleet should then all be Euro III or better.
Trials of an electric hybrid bus took place on the Park & Ride route, and further trials of alternative fuel buses are planned for the future.  The potential use of a TRUS flywheel-electric bus for the P&R extension is being investigated.


MSIDetail:
Seven LPG dual-fuel and thirty Euro IV vehicles have also been procured as part of the County Council’s fleet replacement strategy.  All these vehicles are being monitored in order to provide detailed information and guidance to assist purchasing decisions.

Six alternative fuel vehicles have been purchased, including two electric powered vans, two petrol/electric hybrid cars, and two LPG/petrol cars.  These vehicles are to be loaned to local businesses in order to provide hands-on experience of alternative fuels, and to breakdown barriers to the purchase of these vehicles.  Trials were carried out in 2003, and the full demonstration scheme is now in operation.


MSIDetail:
New motorway extension expected to reroute traffic away from polluted areas


MSIDetail:
Roadside vehicle emission testing, new motorway route, better public transport encouraging modal shift


MSIDetail:
Traffic limitation of autovehicles, motorcycles and cyclemotors not part of public tranport from 1 November to 28 Febraury, monday thru friday, from 8 to 10 and from 16 to 19.Traffic limitation does not apply to vehicles (autovehicles, motorcycles and cyclemotors) with electric motor, powered with gaseous fuels (methane, LPG), petrol and diesel vehicles with catalytic systems. Traffic limitation does not apply to all highways, state streets, province streets within the Critical Area. Traffic limitation of autovehicles, motorcycles and cyclemotors not part of public tranport during sundays (30 november, 18 january), from 8 to 20. Traffic limitation does not apply to vehicles with electric motor and powered with gaseous fuels (methane, LPG) with catalytic systems.
Traffic limitation of diesel heavy duty vehicles (mass > 3,5 tonn) that don’t meet the 91/542/CEE directive and light duty vehicles (mass < 3,5 tonn) that don’t meet the 93/59/CEE directive;


MSIDetail:
Traffic limitation of :·	Petrol vehicles that don’t meet the 91/441/CEE directive;·	Diesel vehicles that don’t meet the 91/441/CEE directive (1 january 1993).
Traffic limitation of autovehicles, motorcycles and cyclemotors not part of public tranport from 1 November to 28 Febraury, monday thru friday, from 8 to 10 and from 16 to 19.Traffic limitation does not apply to vehicles (autovehicles, motorcycles and cyclemotors) with electric motor, powered with gaseous fuels (methane, LPG), petrol and diesel vehicles with catalytic systems. Traffic limitation does not apply to all highways, state streets, province streets within the Critical Area. Traffic limitation of autovehicles, motorcycles and cyclemotors not part of public tranport during sundays (30 november, 18 january), from 8 to 20. Traffic limitation does not apply to vehicles with electric motor and powered with gaseous fuels (methane, LPG) with catalytic systems.


MSIDetail:
Managers of Electric Energy Power Plants, excluding Plants powered with renewables sources, with Thermal Potential > 100MW within the Critical Area, are not to exceed  75% of the maximum authorised emission.


MSIDetail:
-	Use of alternative low-emission fuels on public transport fleet (diesel emulsions, methane, ecc);
-	Actions included in the Urban Mobility Plan (PUM), the planning tool for mobility systems on an urban scale in the decade 2000 – 2010.


MSIDetail:
-	Incentives for purchasing new vehicles and vehicles powered with methane, LPG and electric (State funds);
-	Payment of contributions to vehicle owners who install new natural gas or LPG systems in compliance with safety regulations;-	Incentives for expansion of the natural gas vehicle fuel distribution network;
-	Campaign to control exhaust gases emitted by on road vehicles in circulation (Bollino Blu);


MSIDetail:
-	Incentives for the purchase of electrical motorbikes for the private and public sectors (City Police and Town Hall);


MSIDetail:
-	Project for technological upgrading of industrial boilers


MSIDetail:
-	Busting natural gas conversion process for heating in the city (It accounts for 1/3 of primary energy comsumption in the civil sector);
-	Campaign to control domestic heating plan
ts;-	Waste-to-Energy Plants (“Silla 2” Plant, capable of generating both Power and Heat) e Heat Pumps using underground water;
-	Economic incentives for conversion of domestic heating plants to Natural Gas;


MSIDetail:
All the vehicles not meeting Directive 91/441 EEC and subsequent Directives.


MSIDetail:
Room temperature limited to 20°C when pollution peaks occur.


MSIDetail:
Different traffic restriction areas: a Limited Traffic Zone with automatic controll access system in historical centre and a more external area (with high population density) indicated as “Railway Ring”.
Incentives for purchasing vehicles with low environmental impact. Yearly emission testing for all vehicles, mopeds and motorcycles comprised also


MSIDetail:
Incentives for purchasing vehicles with low environmental impact. Yearly emission testing for all vehicles, mopeds and motorcycles comprised also


MSIDetail:
Economic incentives for replacement of old boilers (in particular for coal fired boilers) with others with lower environmental impact.


MSIDetail:
A total ban on the marketing, sale and distribution of bituminous coal for domestic heating.
The ban was introduced in Dublin in 1990 and extended to Cork in 1995 and again to a number of smaller towns in 1998 and 2001. It is currently being considered whether to make the ban national in scope.


MSIDetail:
A road tunnel has been built to reroute HDVs from the city centre.


MSIDetail:
A tram network is being implemented to reduce car use in the city centre.


MSIDetail:
In Helsinki, if the EU NO2-limit values are in danger to exceed or exceeded: the informing, recommendations to use public transport, free public transportation and finally restrictions on private vehicles are the measures. 
In other YTV-cities (Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa) there are no further acts, only the episode situation is informed to public by YTV.


MSIDetail:
In street dust episodes (in spring) the Public works department (HKR) of Helsinki may spray the streets with water  and calcium chloride lotion to lower the PM10-concentrations. The dust is raised into the air by the traffic and wind. The salt (CaCl2) keeps street surfaces moist and lays the dust for a long time. 

In other YTV-cities (Espoo, Kaunainen and Vantaa) there are no further acts, only informing the public about episode by YTV.


MSIDetail:
1. The research on subject. Research results are applied to practice when technically and economically  possible 
2. Development of sanding methods 
3. More effective cleaning of sand in the spring
4. Development of slipperiness control methods instead of sand
5. Development of dusting inhibition
6. Development of information to residents and car owners
YTV and the Helsinki metropolitan area cities finance the studies which concentrate on the reduction of PM10-problem in the area. Helsinki also finances all kind of technical and procedural methods to improve the situation in practise.


MSIDetail:
Raising awareness of grants, cost savings, advantages etc of both reducing emissions from individual vehicles and using the vehicles more effectively. Also working with the industry to find common solutions.


MSIDetail:
This is a sphere we have significant influence over. We require all buses to be at least Euro 2 + particulate trap by 2005, and are also trialling SCR, water diesel emulsion and fuel cell technologies. There are emissions standards of Euro 1 and an emissions improvement strategy for the coaches that we regulate. We are in the process of setting the first emissions regulations for taxis.


MSIDetail:
Mainly on traffic reduction measures, but also a roadside emissions testing scheme implemented on behalf of ourselves and the London boroughs by contractors that gives fines if emissions are over the annual MoT test level.
Also the congestion charge scheme.


MSIDetail:
For airside vehicles at Heathrow working with the airport authority, and construction through a code of conduct.


MSIDetail:
Only to a small extent (as small contributor to problem), monitoring the work of the regulator (Environment Agency) and encouraging the local authority regulators to implement best practice.


MSIDetail:
Only to a small extent (as small contributor to problem), monitoring the work of the regulator (Environment Agency) and encouraging oil boilers to convert.


MSIDetail:
Only to a small extent through the energy strategy encouraging CHP and Spatial Planning strategy setting requirements to new developments.


MSIDetail:
Heavy duty vehicles (lorries, buses and coaches) would  not be allowed to operate in the whole of London after a set date (intended to be 2007, with a more stringent standard set later, probably 2010) unless they meet the met emissions standards (Euro 2 plus particle trap for heavy duty vehicles).


MSIDetail:
Heavy duty vehicles (lorries, buses and coaches) would not be allowed to operate in the whole of London after a set date (intended to be 2007, with a more stringent standard set later, probably 2010) unless they meet the met emissions standards (Euro 2 plus particle trap for heavy duty vehicles).


MSIDetail:
Taxis would not be allowed to operate in the whole of London after a set date (intended to be 2007, with a more stringent standard set later, probably 2010) unless they meet the met emissions standards (probably Euro 2 for taxis).


MSIDetail:
The measure that probably would have most success in preventing or reducing peak pollution (PM10) is a chemical to prevent particles on the road from whirling up into the air. The chemical (CMA= calcium magnesium acetat) is calculated to reduce the local levels of PM10 with up to 40 %. Other measures to reduce peak pollution of PM10 are more effective and more freqvent cleaning of roads.


MSIDetail:
Stockholm already has an environmental zone for heavy vehicles.


MSIDetail:
An environmental zone in Stockholm for cars without catalytic converters is suggested in the proposed action plan


MSIDetail:
Highway nr. 13 is among the most congested high volume [>150.000 mv/day]parts of the road system, which travels through a densily populated built-up area “Overschie” in Rotterdam. This road is at close distance [< 50 m] to schools and housing areas, causing levels of noise and air pollution which are well above EU/national legal standards. Main elements of the measures since May, 2002 are: 1) a reduction of the local speed limit over this highest polluted 3.5 km urban section of nr. 13 from 100 km/h to 80 km/h [for LDV; HDV speed limit is 80 nationally] and 2) introduction of a fully electronic and automatic video speed registration/enforcement system that produces direct pictures and checking of every vehicle’s average speed (V50) over this 3.5 km section, guaranteeing 100% enforcement speed ticketing effect [so-called “traject control” system]. This system enables highway police to enforce the speed limit at low cost and with low personnel capacity while giving offenders a speedy feedback through automatic fines within 2 weeks after speeding.


MSIDetail:
All powered vehicles other than alternatively fuelled or electrically powered are charged for entering the congestion zone from 7am-6:30pm Monday to Friday.


MSIDetail:
Requirements of the permanent vehicle restriction scheme are tightened so that nearly 50% of all vehicles are banned from driving in the Metropolitan zone between 5:00-22:00 affecting individual drivers on alternate days.


MSIDetail:
Suspension of road works and other civil works that cause congestion


MSIDetail:
Permanent vehicle restriction program where approximately 20% of the fleet is banned from entering the Metropolitan zone between 5:00-22:00 from Monday to Friday. Vehicles with emissions below set thresholds are exempt from the ban.
Reformulation of fuels to reduce sulphur content to 100ppm.
Effort to harmonize fuel and vehicle standards between Mexico and the USA to free access between markets and hence accelerate take-up of cleaner technology in Mexico.


MSIDetail:
Ongoing program to switch from large buses to many more but smaller 'micro-buses'


MSIDetail:
Program to convert to natural gas powered industry.
Installation of low-NOx burners or possible closure of the power sector of the city.


MSIDetail:
The local authority is of the opinion that more could be done to decrease the number of people who drive to the airport.
Measures that should be considered include new rail infrastructure, decrease in parking provision and an adequate airport access charge.


MSIDetail:
Aircraft take-off and landing emissions are a signficant cause of exceedence of the EU NO2 limit values close to the Heathrow airport perimeter.
The airport operators have a program of reducing the airside fleet emissions and those associated with taxiing and loading.
The local authority is convinced that limitation on the growth of the airport, pricing mechanisms such as aviation fuel taxation and differential charging schemes to force older more polluting aircraft to upgrade will be necessary to reduce the air quality impact to an acceptable level.


MSIDetail:
Routes through urban centre banned for traffic >7.5t.


MSIDetail:
The effects of the London congestion charge and proposed low emission zone schemes would have the most significant direct impact on NO2 levels.


MSIDetail:
The effects of the London congestion charge and proposed low emission zone schemes would have the most significant direct impact on NO2 levels.
A scheme to create a car-free or reduced-car zone within the Borough is being considered.


MSIDetail:
Where practical and cost-effective, encourage developers or premise managers to use low-NOx burners (or gas or fuel cell combined heat and power) in appliances, and Clean City diesel as fuel for emergency generators.


MSIDetail:
Pre-Euro I vehicles would be banned during pollution episodes.


MSIDetail:
Traffic control, emission limits, delivery times


MSIDetail:
Cordons, emission limits engineering measures


MSIDetail:
Alters the timing of traffic lights in order to redirect traffic


MSIDetail:
Reduce the amount of non-catalytic converter vehicles and diesel vehicles


MSIDetail:
Motorway speed limit: delivery vans and trucks 60 km/hr


MSIDetail:
Driving bans for cars without catalytic converters


MSIDetail:
Driving bans for trucks on inner urban roads


MSIDetail:
Information threshold for NO2 or O3 surpassed = recommendations to
- defer journeys in the region
- bypass the urban centre using recommended routes
- use public transport or other non-polluting modes (cycling, walking)
- car share for necessary journeys
- practice eco-driving techniques
In addition, speed limits on many roads will be reduced by at least 20km/h
Residential parking shall be free and visitor parking suspended to dissuade unnecessary car usage at the discretion of the parking management authority.
Alert threshold for NO2 or O3 surpassed = 
- speed limits on many roads will be reduced by at least 20km/h
- 10% of public service vehicles removed from service on the region's roads
- "alternate circulation" = odd and even registered vehicles are banned from entering the urban zone on alternate days (low emission vehicles are exempt).
- free public transport
- fines for infractions of these regulations.


MSIDetail:
Information threshold for SO2 surpassed = recommendations to limit room temperature to 18C, use low sulphur fuels, aim to reduce (stop) using emitting equipment.
Alert threshold for SO2 or NO2 surpassed = halt to all activities emitting these pollutants on the official list (includes large industrial sources in the region).


MSIDetail:
Practical options for the design and implementation of a new
system for charging for road use in the UK. Whereby price signals influence journey location, time and distance.


MSIDetail:
A fund to pay for the differential cost of cleaner vehicles


MSIDetail:
A scrappage program financing up to 15% of the price of a new unit. Also cooperation with the USEPA to implement a diesel retro-fit program for diesel particulate filters, oxidation catalysts and ultra low sulphur fuel.


MSIDetail:
International funding (EUR 1.5 million) to convert 3,000 vehicles to natural gas.


MSIDetail:
Indian Supreme Court ruled an increase in buses from 3,000 to 10,000 in Dehli from July 1998 which was completed by December 2002. It is now the largest CNG fleet in the world. 120 CNG filling stations were built to accommodate the required fuelling infrastructure.


MSIDetail:
In addition to the bus fleet there are now 5,000 minbuses 47,000 3-wheelers 5,000 taxis and 10,350 cars fuelled by CNG.


MSIDetail:
since 2003 a ban on coal-fired power stations in major cities and desulphurization projects are being carried out in over 100 coal-fired power stations nation-wide.


MSIDetail:
3,600 buses now run on either LPG or CNG, 50 gas stations supply the fuels.


MSIDetail:
New vehicles must be Euro II compliant now and Euro III from 2005.


MSIDetail:
- requirement of Euro III standard and post treatment systems in new vehicles.
- street dust control
- reduced sulphur content of fuels from 300ppm to 50ppm by 2004.


MSIDetail:
- retirement of 2,700 older vehicles and replacement with low emission engines and post treatment systems from 2004.
- street dust control.
- reduced sulphur content of fuels from 300ppm to 50ppm by 2004.


MSIDetail:
- requirement for Euro III standard
- street dust control


MSIDetail:
- SOx reduction program
- PM10 and NOx emissions trade scheme


MSIDetail:
- Creation of integrated ticketing and public transit


MSIDetail:
New express trunk roads and a city beltway


MSIDetail:
- Doubling in the length of the city metro system
- Creation of integrated ticketing and public transit


MSIDetail:
program to convert city buses to CNG or diesel electric hybrids. So far 12 have been converted. Once a critical mass is established CNG service stations will be installed in the city.


MSIDetail:
All road vehicles.
Since 1996 an alternating car registration system has operated whereby 20% of the traffic fleet is banned from driving in the central zone durig morning and evening peak traffic hours.


MSIDetail:
- Investment in metro infrastructure and safety.
- From 2003 buses must be Euro III compliant
- 3 diesel-electric hybrid buses are being tested on new bus corridors


MSIDetail:
All road vehicles
40% of private cars restricted Monday-Friday 7:00-9:00 and 17:00-19:00 according to vehicle registration.
20% of public transport (including taxis) is excluded each day under the same scheme.


MSIDetail:
- Focus on non-motorized transportation and public transit improvements
- Extensive construction and recovery of pedestrian and cycling areas
- Restriction of 40% of private vehicles during peak hours (alternating with registration)
- Modern and technologically sophisticated rapid bus service on arterial routes and feeder routes (750,000 passengers carried daily)
- Goal to have 85% of the city area within 500 metres of the trunk system by 2020.


MSIDetail:
Measures are aimed at reducing use of private transport rather than wholly focussing on technology improvements.


MSIDetail:
The lead smelting action plan promotes more environmentally-friendly technology in the sector and one major smelting plant has been re-located away from residential areas.


MSIDetail:
All power plants and 3 brickworks in the Greater Cairo region have been converted to natural gas with another 50 sites potentially targetted.


MSIDetail:
- improved technology to reduce smoke emissions
- more stringent emission standards
- a credible inspection and maintenance program


MSIDetail:
A ban on 2-stroke engine vehicles was implemented in 2002.


MSIDetail:
Regulatory changes in how vehicle emission tests are administered


MSIDetail:
Phase out of diesel fuelled buses to convert to LPG


MSIDetail:
New cars must be Euro III compliant from 2001


MSIDetail:
New cars must be compliant with the most stringent California emission standards.


MSIDetail:
Voluntary measure occurring to the whole road traffic parc by 2010
- a 20.3% reduction in traffic


MSIDetail:
Voluntary measure occurring by 2010
- de-NOx equipment fitted to waste incinerator


MSIDetail:
Voluntary measures occurring by 2010
- improved home insulation including a 30% improvement in roof insulation
- radiator reflectors used in 25% of homes with central heating
- 50% conversion of electric central heating to gas
- 50% of oil-fired boilers get regular maintenance
- 30% of boilers older than 20 years get replaced
- 2% of residences to use solar water heating
- 50% of residences convert to low-energy light bulbs
- 50% of residences replace fridges/freezers with Class A energy saving appliances
-


MSIDetail:
- reduced sulphur content of fuels to 0.5%


MSIDetail:
For the duration of the Olympic Games
- a 24-hour public transportation system
- an additional 1000 buses for park and ride schemes
- alternative business hours
- closure of the downtown district to private vehicles


MSIDetail:
A steel mill in Utah Valley (dominant source of PM10) shut down between April 1985-February 1988 due to a labour dispute.


MSIDetail:
- Reducing public transport passenger charges (finally to zero depending on the severity of the episode) to reduce global road transport.
- Speed reductions
- Possibility of hiring bicycles to replace private transport


MSIDetail:
Information threshold surpassed = voluntary speed reduction.
Alarm threshold surpassed = enforced speed reduction


MSIDetail:
Information threshold surpassed = voluntary speed reduction.
Alarm threshold surpassed = enforced speed reduction and enforced alternating fleet circulation (vehicles are permitted to drive only on alternate days according to their registration.)


MSIDetail:
Alarm threshold surpassed = VOC emissions reduced


MSIDetail:
Alarm threshold surpassed = Switch to cleaner fuel


MSIDetail:
Reduction in all road traffic linked to the urban transport plan


MSIDetail:
Reduction of industrial wastage
- Sulphur reduction plan for an oil refinery.
-Studies of economically justifiable and technically feasible SO2, NOx and PM10 emission reductions
- Switch away from sulphur containing fuels
- Setting an annual emissions ceiling
- Restatement of the short term measures for dealing with pollution peaks
- Under study, actions to reduce VOC emissions


MSIDetail:
Reduction of industrial wastage
-Studies of economically justifiable and technically feasible SO2, NOx and PM10 emission reductions
- Switch away from sulphur containing fuels
- Setting an annual emissions ceiling
- Restatement of the short term measures for dealing with pollution peaks


MSIDetail:
Management of domestic wastage
- Under study, actions to reduce VOC emissions
- Feasibility study for the emissions management of small boilers (power rating 100 kw to 20 MW).
- During discussion of future projects (either general or specific) to raise awareness among decision makers, developers, manufacturers and the public of the low energy and low emission technical options available.
-To evaluate the impact on air quality of future installation or infrastructure projects located either in the Strasbourg action plan zone or potentially having an impact on the zone. The evaluations will integrate mitigation of emissions through considerations of technical aspects (design of the equipment, maintenance, renewal...), power consumption and mobility of people and goods (e.g. offering complementary means of transport). To check the compatibility of such future projects with the Strasbourg air quality protection plan.


MSIDetail:
- During discussion of future projects (either general or specific) to raise awareness among decision makers, developers, manufacturers and the public of the low energy and low emission technical options available.


# tblMeasureDetail

MDesc:
Almada’s light railway system (MST) is being built at this moment and it is expected to release the city centre of most of the traffic (and consequently it’s air pollution). Several streets will be closed to traffic when the MST starts operating.


MDesc:
Apart from the mandatory new Building Thermal Regulations, Almada is also developing a voluntary Building Energy Certification scheme, according to the EC Directive 2002/91/CE, OJ 4/1/2003.


MDesc:
Investments in new buses that comply with the EURO IV Norm. Combined with access restrictions

MEmission:
Most of the emission has been constant during the last five years despite increasing traffic.

MAirQuality:
Since emissions has been constant there has been no major change in air quality

MSuccess:
The air quality is continuously monitored. The criteria is to fulfil national goals, which is to reduce some of the emissions by 60% in 2010 compared to 1988.


MDesc:
The primary source which has been identified is vehicle emissions and the control strategy relates to reducing vehicle flow and reducing the emissions from vehicles.


MDesc:
There is a proposal for a by-pass/relief road which would lead to a significant reduction in NO2 impact on the area subject to the AQMA plan. The final decision is primarily a central government initiative.

MEmission:
The impact will have an effect on actual emissions due to changes in vehicle speeds, traffic flow and congestion but this has not yet been quantitatively assessed.

MAirQuality:
The impact has not yet been quantitatively assessed although the current data suggests that levels are very close to the objective value for NO2 and reducing.

MCARef:
The estimated programming of the relief road on the A438 is 10 years and has been subject to detailed assessment and planning by the Welsh Office and Department of Transport.


MDesc:
the New Jersey Air Quality Partnership (a voluntary group) issues day-before air quality forecasts and information for avoidance of exposure, and action, by taking individual steps, to avoid creating air pollution or its chemical precursors

MProcedure:
The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP) provides daily air quality forecasts to the Air Quality Partnership. Any expected exceedance of air quality standards triggers a statewide alert.

MI5Other:
Increases public knowledge of the particulars of our air pollution problem (primarily ground-level ozone pollution, and some particle pollution), who is most affected, and what can be done to help combat the problem.

MAirQuality:
Negligible – the program is episodic (only some days of the year), and mainly has served to greatly educate the public about their role in pollution formation.

MSuccess:
We count the number of organizations participating in the Air Quality Partnership and the estimated number of people reached through the program. At NJ TRANSIT we also track OzonePass sales

MPDesc:
Founded by NJ TRANSIT, NJ DEP, NJ Dept. of Transp., and local (county) Transportation Management Associations (TMAs). Over 500 organizational sites (private, public and non-profit) of all sorts presently participate.


MDesc:
voluntarily using ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel in its statewide bus fleet, years ahead of a programmed federal requirement to do so. We also have evaluation fleets of CNG-fueled buses and both series-hybrid and parallel-hybrid (diesel/electric) buses.

MEmission:
6.3% reduction in particulates emissions (52.5 tons/year reduced to 49.2 tons/year)


MDesc:
Traffic restrictions on non-3-way-catalyst vehicles from 22 October to 31 March

MPDesc:
PROTOCOL OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE PROVINCE OF TURIN,  FIAT CAR AND THE PROVINCIAL COMMERCIAL AND CRAFTSMEN ASSOCIATIONS.


MDesc:
“The pollution team will continue to liase with the local and national strategic transport teams to ensure that air quality is an integral part of the local transport plan”.

MAirQuality:
Based on 1999 for one road scheme will improve NO2 by 3.2μg/m3 in one AQMA.  The same scheme will improve PM10 by reducing exceeding days by 1. (base line 1996)

MSuccess:
working with transport colleagues to suggest that transport counts and air quality monitoring post scheme are carried out.

MPDesc:
Consultation with regulators, other local authorities, and residents.


MDesc:
Increasing availability of public transport options for commuters

MAirQuality:
Compliance with EU Air Quality directives from 1999

MSuccess:
Compliance with EU Air Quality directives monitored on an ongoing basis

MCARef:
‘A Platform for Change – Summary Report’ by Dublin Transportation Office.

MPDesc:
All main stakeholders are represented on the Board of the Dublin Transportation Office.


MDesc:
The most successful measure in preventing short term pollution peak is to ask people not to use their cars on Monday, Wednesday and Friday morning if it’s not an eco-diesel or a catalytic car

MProcedure:
Our measures are implemented on the basis of air quality dates and the decisions are taken by the Local Administration

MEmission:
It certainly gives a strong  help in reducing CO emissions in air

MAirQuality:
Our measure could be much more useful if people didn’t drive motorbikes too, but we hope in the next future to reduce the number of non-electrical motorbike circulating in our city

MSuccess:
We make a lot of controls during the chosen days with Policemen’s aid.We also usually give a look to the pollutants concentrations to make sure that our measure  has an effect on air quality

MPDesc:
It’s developed in partnership with local authorities such as Urban Vigilantes.


MDesc:
Maintenance and inspection campaign for heating equipment

MEmission:
CO emissions, thanks to this measure, are decreasing

MAirQuality:
As consequence of the decreasing CO emissions we hope to see significant results also for air quality in Naples

MSuccess:
We simply try to take under control all heating equipment built here in Naples to understand how many of them have been controlled

MPDesc:
It’s developed with the aid of category’s associations


MDesc:
-“Blue Label”: car maintenance and engine emission control

MEmission:
We’ve got less emissions of CO (29%less) and less use of fuel (5% less)

MPDesc:
The measure is well carried out thanks to people that control cars to decide if they can have the blue label or not


MDesc:
-The Municipality of Naples contributes 40% of the cost of buying  two-wheeled electric vehicles ( mopeds and bikes)

MEmission:
We still haven’t got so much vehicles to rescue a significant change in emissions to air

MAirQuality:
We still haven’t got so much vehicles to rescue a significant change in air quality

MSuccess:
The number of electrical vehicles bought by people seems to be the best way for monitoring the success of our measure


MDesc:
- Environment Sunday : car free Sundays all over the city

MEmission:
There’s not a great result in terms of emissions to air because people start using their cars at the end of the measure until the end of the day

MAirQuality:
For the same reasons there’s no rescue of a better air Quality

MLDesc:
There are massive controls all over the town to stop cars when  they circulate and to oblige the owners paying a high tax


MDesc:
The Norwegian Ministry of Transport set up an inter-ministerial working group on so-called Low Emission Zones (LEZ) in February 2004

MAirQuality:
Measure would be designed to achieve European Standards

MPDesc:
The Norwegian group has from the start kept central stakeholders informed about its work.Among the stakeholders were environmental organisations, transporters, and car owner associations


MDesc:
Abatement of fume from local blast furnace

MAirQuality:
Measure anticipated to reduce exceedance days from 60 days to around 35 of 24 hour PM10  metric

MSuccess:
Continuous monitoring of air quality in AQMA

MLDesc:
Local implementation of IPPC legislation


MDesc:
Structural improvements for reducing motorised private traffic

MEmission:
Reduced emissions from private transport


MDesc:
Transport Engineers are in the process of implementing a Clear Zone in the City Centre area. It is hoped that this will reduce congestion and pollution from road traffic, the main cause of pollution in the City Centre.

MAirQuality:
The aim is to reduce levels of pollution to below the national air quality objectives. In developing the Action plan, work will be undertaken to establish the contribution (of pollutants) each class of vehicle makes and each measure has to the reduction (of pollution).

MLDesc:
Environment Act 1995, Road traffic (Vehicle Emissions) (Fixed Penalty) (England) Regs 2002

MPDesc:
Consultation questionnaire to residents and businesses in the affected area. Consultants will engage with stakeholders through focus groups etc.


MDesc:
economic incentives in the form of environmental differentiated fairway and port dues, according to the ships’
emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulphur.

MEmission:
75% decrease in NOx and SO2 emissions from ships between 1996 and 2000

MEDesc:
Overall the measure is revenue neutral.
If nitrogen oxides is 12 g/kWh or more the dues for tankers carrying a cargo of mineral oil products in bulk will be SEK 5.30 per unit gross tonnage, and for other ships SEK 5.00.
A ship which has attained an emission level of a maximal 2 g/kWh will be billed SEK 3.70 or SEK 3.40 respectively.
The ship will be given an additional rebate of SEK 0.90 per unit of the ships’ gross tonnage, if the sulphur content of the bunker fuel is lower than 0.5 percent of weight for passenger ships and 1.0 percent of weight for other ships.


MDesc:
Traffic re-routing in Oslo East 1987/1996 through tunnel building and redesignation of existing streets

MAirQuality:
Coarse dust reduced by more than 50%. Noted decline in NO2 pollution

MSuccess:
Extensive survey of residents perceptions as well as noise, traffic volume and air quality monitoring


MDesc:
Air Quality Action Plan with multiple foci


MDesc:
Seed investment for integrated transport and environmental projects in urban municipalities

MEmission:
15-20% reduction in CO2, NOX and HC. 1% reduction in particles.


MDesc:
Reducing higway speed for freight vehicles


MDesc:
The New Driving Force (Low emissions driving behaviour)

MEmission:
Evaluation in 2001 found the amount of avoided CO2-emission of 78,5 kTon with a cost
effectiveness of € 7 per ton.
The potential of this measure is estimated to be an amount of 0.6 Mton avoided CO2-emission/year in 2005 and 1.25 Mton/year in 2010.
Emissions of other vehicle pollutants such as NO2 and PM10 would also be reduced.


MDesc:
Create a unified transport authority and congestion charging structure

MEDesc:
Success of the measure depends on getting the pricing right.


MEmission:
The time differentiated charging in Trondheim also showed substantial shifts in timing for car trips so that emission peaks should be evened out.

MEDesc:
Toll system supplies 60% of the measure costs while central government funding supplies the rest.


MEmission:
10,000-14,000 HDVs would be obliged to fit particulate filters.

MLDesc:
The Danish road law permits traffic restrictions to be introduced for environmental reasons on an experimental basis (article 92d). The Danish municipalities are responsible for such schemes and the Ministry of Justice must approve them.


MDesc:
Integration of Transport Management Systems


MDesc:
Several measures aimed at cleaning the car fleet

MEmission:
Predict these actions will result in an 11% decrease in emissions of Nox

MSuccess:
Implementation and improvements will be monitored

MEDesc:
Some parts rely on fiscal measures such as parking charges and fixed penalty tickets for emissions failures.

MLDesc:
Some legal measure include Vehicle Emissions (Fixed penalty) (Scotland ) Regulations 2003

MPDesc:
Stakeholders participated in workshops on the subject and a report of the workshops was used to inform the development of an Action Plan.  The actual plan was produced by a inter service group within the Council consisting of transport planners, environmental health and planning officials


MProcedure:
When the ozone concentration of ozone reaches the Attention Threshold (180 μg/m3, maximum hour mean) in at least one site in Province it is due to the Province to inform the population, and invite everyone to limit use of vehicles and limit the emissions of VOC.
After the third consecutive day of exceedances of the limit of NO2, (200 μg/m3, hour mean) or after the exceedance for three consecutive hours the Alarm Threshold (400 μg/m3) .
The governor of the Lombardy Region will adopt the measures for the whole Critical Area of Milano –Como – Sempione.

MEmission:
Traffic limitation of vehicles pre-Euro: -	11% estimated reduction of vehicles pollutants emission. -	1145 kg/day emission reduction in the atmosphere, in the Area Milano/Como/Sempione.
Sunday traffic limitation: -	34% reduction of traffic emissions in the Area Milano/Como/Sempione.

MAirQuality:
32% (compared winter period 2003-2004) reduction of days of exceeding threshold (50 μg/m3 ) referred to the City of Milano

MSuccess:
-	ARPA Study (Regional  Environmental Protection Agency) “Action Plan Analysis:  03/11/03-29/02/04”.
-	Study and analysis produced by Agenzia Milanese Mobilità e Ambiente.

MLDesc:
DGR Lombardia n. VII/6501, 19 october 2001, DGR Lombardia n. VII/10863, 28 october 2002.

MPDesc:
Participation of  commerce association, citizens (via e-mail)


MEDesc:
See sector details.

Incentivi di tipo fiscale, come contributo a fondo perduto per l’acquisto di nuovi veicoli a metano, GPL o elettrici, vengono utilizzati per favorire l’adozione di mezzi di trasporto meno inquinanti. 
Incentivi per la trasformazione di impianti termici a metano.
Incentivi per l’aggiornamento tecnologico di caldaie industriali.


MDesc:
Circulation ban for diesel- and petrol- powered vehicles not meeting Directive 91/441/EEC requirements.

MProcedure:
On the basis of pollutants concentration data obtained by monitoring stations. The decision is made by our local Authority.

MAirQuality:
We compare the day with pollution peaks with other days of the period similar for meteorological and traffic conditions

MSuccess:
The effect of the measure is evaluated the successive day by the pollutants concentrations recorded by monitoring stations during the day in which the measure was adopted.

MLDesc:
The measures are taken in conformity with national and regional rules.


MAirQuality:
Since 2002: circulation ban for diesel- and petrol- powered vehicles not meeting Directive 91/441 EEC requirements in the “Railway Ring” measure. Key parameter is Benzene, which shows a reduction in comparison with the values of 2001 (baseline year).

MSuccess:
By monitoring stations and by automatic measurements of traffic intensity, both operating continuously.

MEDesc:
On street payment parking (€ 1/h); payment permits for the city center (from 120 to 340 € /year); incentives for electric and low environmental impact two wheels vehicles; incentives  to switch non diesel or petrol  to LPG fuelled vehicles.

MCARef:
It is available an Annual Air Quality Report in the city of Rome in which are reported all the adopted measures, the obtained results and supported costs.


MDesc:
Ban on the marketing, sale and distribution of 'smoky' coal in urban areas

MEmission:
The current extent of the ban is estimated to reduce SO2 emissions by 6,500tonnes per year.

MAirQuality:
Mean winter smoke concentrations were measured at 90µg/m3 in 1981/82 but had declined dramatically, falling to just 27µg/m3 in 1990/91. An even greater decline in peak concentration was also observed post-ban. The reduction in coal burning has undeniably significantly reduced smoke and SO2 concentrations.

MEDesc:
Low income households receive assistance with the increased cost of smokeless solid fuel. 13.6million Euros has been put aside annually for this cost.

MCARef:
A Preliminary Analysis of the Ban on Bituminous Coal in Dublin, J. Peter Clinch and Eoin McLoughlin, University College Dublin, 2001


MProcedure:
YTV monitors the concentrations and estimates the possibility of exceeding the NO2 limit values. In case of possible exceedance YTV informs the Helsinki metropolitan area cities. 
The city of Helsinki has an NO2 action plan, and the director general of the Helsinki Environment Center can order a free of charge public transportation. The lord mayor of Helsinki can order to restrict the private vehicles if the hourly limit value exceeds.

MAirQuality:
The NO2 action plan has never been implemented in real world, so there is no experiences of the effect so far. Neither the theoretical effect of NO2 action plan has been exactly estimated. Some modelling has been made on the effect to air quality, if the NOx-emissions are reduced, but the results have not yet been conclusive. There is a need to study more the subject.

MLDesc:
Under the Environment protection law (86/2000) 102 §, the municipality is obliged to initiate the necessary procedures in situations when the limit values for air quality set by the Government (711/2001) are possibly exceeded. (Directive 1999/13/EC)

MPDesc:
During the process of NO2-action plan in Helsinki a wide participation of stakeholders was organised. All the stakeholders, for whom the action plan concerns were involved in the process, for instance the neighbour cities, national railway company etc. The preliminary action plan was also sent to a large group of stakeholders for hearing.
The YTV NO2-action plan had a same kind of co-operation and hearing of stakeholders.(-The street dust action plan of Helsinki was organised mainly without the stakeholders. The departments of the city took a major responsibility during the process.)


MProcedure:
In PM10 episodes YTV informs the cities of the situation. -The city of Helsinki has a street dust action plan. If the numeral value of the limit value of PM10 exceeds one day the person in charge (environmental inspector) gives pre-warning to the Public works department (HKR). If the numeral value of the limit value exceeds two days in row and the situation is expected to continue the director general of the Environment Center obligates the city’s Public Works department to spray the streets.

MAirQuality:
Helsinki has a street dust action plan, which includes spraying of streets in dust situations. The plan is only two years old, and there has been the spraying of streets only 3 times so far, so it is hard to estimate the exact effect, but the actions seem to be working in some level.

MSuccess:
The PM10-concentrations are monitored continuously. If the actions are implemented (spraying the streets) the concentrations are compared with the results in areas where the actions are not implemented.

MLDesc:
Under the Air quality regulation (711/2001): When the limit values for PM10 are exceeded due to winter road sanding, the municipality shall provide the necessary justification to demonstrate that any exceedances are due to such resuspended particulates,and that resonable measures have been taken to lower the concentrations. (Directive 1996/62/EC, 1999/30/EC)

MPDesc:
The street dust action plan of Helsinki was organised mainly without the stakeholders. The departments of the city took a major responsibility during the process.


MSuccess:
The trend in PM10-concentrations is monitored.

MCARef:
The Public Works Department (HKR) of Helsinki has made a study on the subject.


MDesc:
The measures within the Mayor’s air quality strategy focus on road transport sources, and ‘cleaning’ the emissions from vehicles, by raising awareness and cleaning the fleets we and local authorities have influence over.

MEmission:
The impact of the strategy itself has not yet been assessed, although we update the emissions inventory every year to see the progress from all influences.

MAirQuality:
Same as above, and we also model the annual emissions inventory

MSuccess:
Not formally set out, however, would include whether/when we achieve the national air quality objectives and EU Limit Values and achieving the measures set out within the Strategy.

MEDesc:
Congestion charging is one of the traffic reduction measures, which as stated above, was implemented to tackle the severe congestion in central London rather than air pollution. More information via www.tfl.gov.uk.

MLDesc:
Yes for congestion charge (see the GLA Act 1999) and any potential low emission zone (Traffic Regulation Orders (TRO’s) under the Road Traffic Regulations Act 1984 as varied by the Environment Act 1995).

MPDesc:
There was full public and stakeholder consultation on all the strategies, and the implementation of the congestion charge. In terms of the congestion charge and any potential low emission zone national government and the relevant London boroughs are essential stakeholders.


MEmission:
Reduction in emissions in 2007 relative to baseline NOx 1.5%, PM10  9.0%

MAirQuality:
Reduction in area exceeding targets in 2007 relative to baseline NOx 4.7%, PM10 0% (the PM10 EU LV is already met with average weather conditions, however, the measure will reduce concentrations).

MSuccess:
Success would be monitored by the reduction in emissions, air quality, and areas exceeding objectives and limit values. Possibly also numbers of vehicles complying (or not not complying).

MEDesc:
There would be fines if operators did not comply. There may also be some grants to assist operators, but that is less certain at this point in time.

MCARef:
full feasibility study report is available. There is a phase I and phase II report, appendices as well as a non-technical executive summary.

MLDesc:
It would be enforced through a traffic regulation order (TRO). This would be based on powers from the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984, which allows traffic authorities to put forward orders prohibiting, restricting or regulating road traffic, and the Environment Act 1995, which extended these powers to include meeting air quality objectives.

MPDesc:
The feasibility study was commissioned jointly by all the organisations that would need to be involved with implementing a LEZ, and managed through a steering group. This was the Mayor of London, Transport for London, the London boroughs (local authorities, 33 of them, represented by a number of people on the steering group), the Association of London Government (ALG, the boroughs representative organisation), the Government (both the environment and transport departments, Defra and DfT), and also linking together with the National Society for Clean Air and the government grant agency, TransportEnergy who also have technical expertise in retrofit emissions technology.


MProcedure:
Experiences with CMA are going on. Effect on traffic safety are still unclear. The local authorities in Stockholm has to make a decision about CMA and cleaning measures.

MLDesc:
In Stockholm the County Administrative Board has been responsible for drawing up action plans to reduce air pollution. This with help from the  Environment and Health Administration. The programs are proposed to the Swedish goverment that will hopefully make a decision about them soon.


MAirQuality:
This is calculated to lower the levels of PM10 (concentrations) in the streets of Stockholm city with about 25 %.


MAirQuality:
Congestion charges are calculated to lower the levels of NO2 and PM10 with about 10 %.


MEmission:
The HDV-based LEZ has reduced the emissions of NO2 from heavy vehicles with about 10 %.

MAirQuality:
The car-based LEZ is calculated to lower the levels of NO2 with 6-7 %.


MEmission:
Road NOx emissions reduced by approximately 40 tonnes from a base of 200 tonnes (P Havermans personal communication 29/9/04).

MAirQuality:
Background pollution levels [mostly from industry and shipping]are already over the EU limits! Total reduction effects close to the roadside up to 9% of yearly-average concentration levels for NO2 , but up to 13% reduction of the contribution of Highway 13 to local off-peak NO2 concentrations. Gradually less effects at more distanced from the road housing sites.
Ibidem for PM [10%-14% reduction of Highway 13’s hot spot contribution, and 18% during off-peak hours] but only a few percents reduction of total yearly-average PM concentrations, due to large impact of peak hours [= low speed stop-and-go] concentrations - which are not reduced by the 80 km/hr speed limit - and due to very high background levels from industry and shipping.

MSuccess:
Monitoring of relevant vehicle and traffic data [speed V50/V85/V90], volumes of LDV and HDV [trailed/non-trailed], monitoring of noise levels and NO2/PM levels according to legal monitoring procedures [see websites above], before and after introduction of the measures.

MLDesc:
Traffic measures are the responsibility of the Ministry of Transport, which is in charge of the highway system. Enforcement costs [several millions Euros investments] are for the Justice department, but are refunded from speed fines through the Climate Change Speed Limit Enforcement Fund [circa 12 mil. Euro/year], for which this Highway 13 section was a pilot project for the new “traject control”system. Speed fines always offset enforcement costs, even when levels of speeding and speeding numbers drop [which they did at Overschie, from 40% to 20%].

MPDesc:
After a period of resistance the [Labour] minister of Transport after heavy lobbying from Rotterdam council and from [Labour] constituencies agreed to the lower speed limit. There was no counter lobbying from the car drivers or transport business, the more so under strong and positive press coverage of population responses to [not] taking action. Primary school was already closed due to nuisance and pollution levels and Rotterdam lung illness statistics [air quality at road side being equivalent to passive smoking of circa one cigaret package/day].


MEmission:
By reducing the overall volumes of traffic within the charging zone, and increasing
the efficiency with which it circulates, congestion charging has been directly
responsible for reductions of approximately 12 percent in emissions of NOx
and PM10 from road traffic within the zone (24-hour annual average day);

MAirQuality:
Measurements of actual air quality across London strongly reflect the statisticallyunusual
weather patterns that prevailed for much of 2003, overwhelming any
smaller-scale effects that might have been caused by congestion charging. It is
therefore not yet possible to identify ‘congestion charging’ effects in the available
dataset, either for the charging zone or the Inner Ring Road;

MSuccess:
Ongoing assessment of many social, economic and environmental aspects of the scheme. See "Impacts monitoring - second annual report", Transport for London, April 2004.

MEDesc:
The daily charge is £5 increasing to £10 if it is not paid on the day of entry into the congestion zone. If still unpaid a rising set of charges from £50 to £150 apply and finally removal of the vehicle from the owner.
Charging scheme is estimated to raise £1.3billion over 10 years which will be invested in transport infrastructure.

MCARef:
Impacts monitoring - second annual report, Transport for London, April 2004.

MLDesc:
The Greater London (Central Zone) Congestion Charging Order 2001 (‘the Scheme Order’) provides the legal framework for the congestion charging scheme. It includes details of where, when and how much the congestion charge is as well as definitions of exemptions & discounts, penalty charges and TfL’s spending plans for the net revenues obtained by the scheme.

MPDesc:
Extensive consultation with all affected groups was done.


MDesc:
Contingency plan during short term peaks

MProcedure:
Plan is launched when either ozone surpasses 241 IMECA points, PM10 surpasses 174 points or when ozone surpasses 225 points AND PM10 surpasses 125 points.
IMECA is a specific metropolitan index of air quality dependent on functions relating the monitored concentrations to relevant standards.


MAirQuality:
Air quality has steadily improved in Mexico city from 1990 onwards so that CO, SO2  and lead are no longer pollutants of concern. NO2 has also largely been dealt with. Ozone remains the primary pollutant for concern with PM10 also regularly exceeding the air quality standards.


MDesc:
Measures aimed at reducing airport impacts

MAirQuality:
Government sponsored research indicates that the measures detailed (and more) will be necessary in order to achieve the NO2 limit value for 2010.

MEDesc:
Shifts in travel mode and towards cleaner technologies should be encouraged through adequate pricing mechanisms.

MCARef:
Government research papers on the impacts of Heathrow airport can be found at the website below.

MLDesc:
In fact there will be a need to harmonize measures such as emission differentiated landing charges throughout the EU to deal with competitiveness concerns.

MPDesc:
The local authority regularly meets with the airport operators and central government officers to discuss options and influence future actions at the airport.


MEmission:
approximately a 50% reduction in HDV emissions in the urban centre based on 2000 and 2002 traffic census.

MAirQuality:
Reduction in annual mean PM10 concentration of approximately 4ug/m3 could be attributed to this measure.

MSuccess:
Measurements after execution of the measure; Monitoring of the adherence to the traffic prohibition by order authorities

MLDesc:
Regulation for the execution of the federal emission control law (23rd BImSchV)

MPDesc:
City of Overath, Rheinisch Bergischer group, the district government of Cologne


MDesc:
Most effective measures within the Borough action plan

MAirQuality:
The London Low Emissions Zone would improve air quality across the Borough while the Congestion Charge zone and potential car-free zones would improve the air quality (NO2 and PM10) in smaller more focussed areas.


MProcedure:
Pollution Forecasting and the decision of the City Chief Executive

MEmission:
An estimated 50% reduction in vehicle emissions compared to  1998 levels.

MAirQuality:
An estimated 30% reduction in ?? compared to  1998 levels.

MLDesc:
Through setting up a local low emission zone still under NATIONAL consideration.


MSuccess:
National objectives, monitored by reference methods

MLDesc:
Via local transport plan and funding laid out in national legislation.


MDesc:
Integration of air quality monitoring with transport telematics

MProcedure:
Road traffic, local NO2 levels and meteorological data in conjunction with traffic signalling information. Transportation Engineers decide based on advice from Pollution Control Unit’s air quality modelling results.

MAirQuality:
Aim is to reduce short term peaks in NO2 concentrations and hence annual mean concentrations in order to meet annual mean air quality objective. As this is experimental it is not possible to quantify details.

MPDesc:
Consultation regarding our Air Quality Strategy


MDesc:
Modelled effect of motorway speed limits

MEmission:
-7% NOx emissions from traffic on the motorway relative to the baseline in 2003.
+1% VOC emissions from traffic on the motorway relative to the baseline in 2003.

MAirQuality:
Measure estimated to cause slight increase (1%) in peak ozone concentration relative to the baseline in 2003.
"In short we conclude that short-term measures imposed  during  ozone  episodes  result  on
average in a small net-increase of the ozone maxima."


MEmission:
-17% NOx emissions from traffic on the motorway relative to the baseline in 2003.
-20% VOC emissions from traffic on the motorway relative to the baseline in 2003.


MEmission:
-9% NOx emissions from traffic on the motorway relative to the baseline in 2003.
-3% VOC emissions from traffic on the motorway relative to the baseline in 2003.


MProcedure:
Measures launched when information thresholds or alert thresholds (see AQ details for Paris) are surpassed at relevant monitoring sites.

MLDesc:
The Paris region first adopted a procedure to inform and alert the public in cases of pollution peaks from 25 April 1994. The procedure was modified and stengthened by l'arrêté interpréfectoral of 24 June 1999 (http://www.airparif.asso.fr/airparif/pdf/aret24061999.pdf) and further revised by l'arrêté interpréfectoral of 12 July 2002 (http://www.airparif.asso.fr/airparif/pdf/aret12072002.pdf).


MDesc:
Feasibility study of road pricing in the UK - Report

MEmission:
The best scheme in terms of costs and benefits was assessed to be a national scheme having 10 different marginal social cost charges capped at £0.8/km. Results indicate the potential to reduce urban congestion by up to 52% on urban roads, 34% on inter-ruban roads and 48% on all roads
and to reduce traffic levels by up to
9% on urban roads and 3% on all roads
There would also be a predicted 2-3% increase in bus, rail and cycle usage.

MAirQuality:
A scheme with variable time and place charging would contribute to improvements in air quality, particularly in times and places when it is particularly bad. Models forecast reductions of some 7 per cent in annual NOx and PM10 emissions in large urban areas (population >250,000) and a 2% reduction in smaller urban areas.

MSuccess:
The most probable format of a scheme would be an automatic system using satellite location technology (not thought feasible or cost-effective before 2014). Therefore, charging and monitoring would occur in real-time.

MEDesc:
The whole basis of the scheme is to send price signals to drivers that influence when, where and how far they travel. The concept is currently for road charging to replace vehicle excise duty and fuel excise duty to some extent. Results indicate that around 50% of all journeys would be cheaper (£/km) under the road pricing regimes.

MCARef:
Costs are only rough estimates and may come down as technology becomes cheaper. All feasibility reports and annexes are available

MPDesc:
UK Government is holding ongoing consultation with all interested parties.


MDesc:
Cleaner vehicle fiscal incentives (Carl Moyer Incentive Program)

MEmission:
2600 vehicles replaced for an annual NOx emission reduction of 2,400t.


MDesc:
Expansion of public transport provision and conversion to CNG

MEmission:
Converted buses must have Euro I equivalent emissions and new buses must be Euro II compliant

MAirQuality:
World Bank is analyzing results however, "preliminary findings have raised doubts that the change to CNG as a vehicle fuel can be correlated to any drop in ambient PM concentrations."

MEDesc:
The Indian environment authority has recommended that the national government frame a fiscal policy to allow better price competitiveness to environmentally-friendly fuels.


MEDesc:
30% tax reduction for cars meeting Euro II standard ahead of scehduled requirements. This incentive was found to be very succesful as almost all new cars met Euro II standard within a year of its introduction.


MDesc:
atmospheric decontamination and prevention program

MAirQuality:
30% decrease in annual mean PM10 concentration between 1989 and 2002.
50% decrease in annual mean PM2.5 during the same period.
There are no data on how weather patterns may have contributed to this.

MEDesc:
Emissions trade scheme for industrial emissions


MDesc:
Transantiago program - intergration of the transit control and public transport systems for the whole metropolitan area (34 different municipalities)

MCARef:
Cost quoted is for the road infrastructure projects


MEmission:
Program could deliver 2800 tones reduction in PM and 15,000 tonnes of NOx at a cost of $127million but achievning $260million benefits in avoided health costs.

MCARef:
Oyola P, Measuring progress on air quality management, 7th workshop on mexico city air quality, January 18-21 2004, MIT IPURGAP 2004.


MEmission:
Simulations indicate a 19% reduction in fuel consumption, 10.5% reduction in vehicular emissions and benefits to travel time if a 20% modal shift towards buses could be achieved.

MCARef:
E. Vasconcellos, Measuring progress on air quality management, 7th workshop on mexico city air quality, January 18-21 2004, MIT IPURGAP 2004.


MEmission:
Cleaner buses are estimated to have reduced mobile source emissions by
4% (CO), 8%(NOx) and 9% (VOC)
Modal shift is estimated to have reduced mobile source emissions by
7% (CO), 1%(NOx) and 1%(VOC)

MEDesc:
The city increased fuel tax by 20% and took out a 16 year loan to fund the Transit program.

MLDesc:
Although political terms are restricted to 3 years at a time there has been consistent political will to proceed with the program even though unpopular decisions have had to be made.


MAirQuality:
Ambient lead concentrations have declined by approximately 40%.


MEmission:
On-road share of 2-stroke engines fell from 95% to 40% between 1999-2004
Contribution from these engines to the total fleet emissions fell from 48% to 14%


MEmission:
30-65,000 2-stroke engines have been replaced with 10,000 4-stroke engine vehicles with significant reductions in PM2.5, CO and VOC emissions.


MDesc:
introduction of Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel

MEmission:
Nearly all taxis and 310 buses now run on LPG
Fuel program is expected to reduce PM emissions by 29% and NOx by 8%
Government target is to reduce PM emissions by 80% and NOx by 30% by 2006.

MEDesc:
A US$0.11/l fuel differential for ULSD was introduced
Fiscal instruments to encourage phase-out of diesel vehicles are:
- fuel tax waived on auto LPG
- free land lease at filling stations to set up LGP sales
- government grants to enable switch to LPG (US$5,000 per taxi, US$7,700 per bus)


MDesc:
Best package of measures achieving planned emission reductions by 2010

MEmission:
The measures described are estimated to achieve the set emission objectives for Brussels by 2010 being
- 70% reduction in SO2 relative to 2000
- 48% reduction in NOx relative to 2000
- 14.4% reduction in CO2 relative to 2000
- 77% reduction in NMVOC relative to 2000
- 93% reduction in Pb relative to 1990
-69% reduction in PAH relative to 1990


MDesc:
Comparison between 2 districts of the effects of an air pollution intervention on bronchial responsiveness in primary school children in Hong Kong

MAirQuality:
84% reduction in monitored SO2 concentrations


MDesc:
Change in transportation and commuting patterns during the 1996 Olympic Games

MEmission:
1hr peak morning traffic counts reduced by 22.5%
24hr weekday traffic counts reduced by 2.8%
public transportation ridership increased by 217% (including non-resident visitors to the Games).
Auto fuel sales down at least 4% on normal sales

MAirQuality:
13% reduction in O3 concentrations (adjusted for weather variables) during the Games
18.5% decrease in CO levels
16.1% decrease in PM10 concentrations
6.8% decrease in NO2 concentrations


MDesc:
Temporary shut-down of a dominant industrial source

MAirQuality:
50% decrease in ambient PM10 levels while the mill was inoperative


MDesc:
PLAN OZONE DE LA CUS    (CUS - Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, Service Ecologie Urbaine )
Responsable du service : Alain Brun : abrun@cus-strasbourg.net
Correspondant plan ozone : Franck Picot : fpicot@cus-strasbourg.net

MProcedure:
Decision to use the measure is based on ASPA's prediction of ozone concentrations. Decision is made jointly by ASPA and the CUS.

MEmission:
From evaluations during days in 2003 when the measure was tried, evidence shows an 13% reduction in transport on the major roads.

MAirQuality:
Estimation of the air quality effects is in progress within the framework of the INTERREG III programme. The work relates to a common air quality strategy within the Upper Rhine airshed and to further understanding of photochemical pollution phenomena.

MSuccess:
It is proposed to quantify how many users of the public transport and bicycle hiring systems occur once they are fully computerized. This is estimated to be ready in 2005.

MEDesc:
Reducing public transport tariffs and making cyle hire available.

MPDesc:
Dialogue with the Company of Transport Of Strasbourg and the transportation administration


MDesc:
Prefectoral banning order  - regulations during pollution peaks

MProcedure:
Decision to launch the measures is taken on the basis of ASPA's forecast of SO2, NO2, O3 and PM10 levels.

The decision is made by the prefectural authority including a delegation from ASPA.

The measures are directed by the Direction Régionale de l’Industrie, de la Recherche et de l’Environnement (DRIRE Alsace), environmental department
Chief responsibility: Nicolas Imbert : nicolas.imbert@industrie.gouv.fr
Co-responsibility: Jean le Priol : jean.le-priol@industrie.gouv.fr

MEmission:
For SO2 from industry there are large reductions in emissions corresponding to the change in the sulphur content of the fuel normally used and that used during the pollution peak.

MAirQuality:
At a measuring site in proximity to industry, SO2 concentrations observed passing from  200 µg/m3 to 50 µg/m3 over several minutes corresponding with change in fuel.

MSuccess:
On the basis of ambient measurements with the criteria being the achievement of the information and alarm thresholds.

MLDesc:
Environmental code 1996 law on air quality - devolved to the regional level.

MPDesc:
Dialogue with the administrations in charge of transportation.


MDesc:
Prefectoral banning order - Strasbourg air quality protection plan

MEmission:
Concerning the effect of the measures on emissions of road transport and industry by 2010: ASPA report 03102302-ID should be available by the end of the year.

MAirQuality:
Concerning the effect of the measures on air quality by 2010: ASPA report 03102302-ID should be available by the end of the year.

MSuccess:
Measures are directed by:
1. Direction Régionale de l’Industrie, de la Recherche et de l’Environnement (DRIRE Alsace), service environnement :
Chief responsibility: Nicolas Imbert : nicolas.imbert@industrie.gouv.fr
Corresponding responsibility for air quality: Jean le Priol : jean.le-priol@industrie.gouv.fr

2. Direction Régionale de l’Equipement (DRE Alsace) :
Chief responsibility: George Klaerr-Blanchard : georges.klaerr-blanchard@equipement.gouv.fr

MPDesc:
Working groups comprising all relevant stakeholders in air quality management have been meeting for nearly 3 years and have taken part in the development of the Strabourg atmospheric protection plan.


# tblOtherPollStand

Criteria:
Hourly mean concentration > 400ug/m3
or
Hourly mean concentration > 200ug/m3 when the information threshold was surpassed the previous day and the current day and forecasting estimates that it will be surpassed the following day


Criteria:
Hourly mean concentration 500ug/m3 during 3 consecutive hours


Criteria:
15 min mean not to be exceeded more than 35 times per year


Standard:
Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers n. 30 of March 28 1983

Criteria:
1 Hour Mean of 200 ug/m3 for vegetation protection not to be exceeded more than once a month


Standard:
Minister of Environment Decree n. 392 of May 16 1996,


Standard:
National guideline (National standards, the aims of the air quality for authorities)

Criteria:
99 percentile of hours during the month not to be exceeded 250 ug/m3


Criteria:
24 hour mean of 80ug/m3 not to be exceeded more than 2 times per month


Criteria:
99 percentile of hours during the month not to be exceeded 150 ug/m3


Criteria:
24 hour mean of 70ug/m3 not to be exceeded more than 2 times per month


Criteria:
calendar year mean NO2 of 40ug/m3 from 31/12/05


Standard:
24-Hour limit value for the protection of human health

Criteria:
24 hour mean of 60ug/m3 not to be exceeded more than 7 times a calendar year from 1/1/2006


Standard:
Residential area annual mean limit value


Standard:
Information threshold (24hr moving average)


Standard:
National alert threshold 1 (3hr average)


Standard:
National alert threshold 2 (1hr average)


# tblPollSource

SectorDetail:
Natural sources including forest fires but also soil erosion due to land usage issues


SectorDetail:
All road vehicles and resuspended road dust


SectorDetail:
Domestic waste burning is normal rather than waste collection


# tblPollutant

PLongDesc:
Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns


# tblRespondant

Organisation:
Environmental Services Department, Oswestry Borough Council


JobTitle:
Director, Innovative Service & Sales Programs

Organisation:
New Jersey Transit Corporation(NJ TRANSIT)


Department:
COMUNE DI TORINO – DIVISIONE AMBIENTE E VERDE


Organisation:
ANEA: Energia Napoletana Ambiente e Territorio


Department:
Commission Joint Expert Group on Transport and Environment 2004

Organisation:
WG on environmentally related transport restrictions


Organisation:
Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council


Department:
Public Health and Environmental Protection Division


Organisation:
Environmentally differentiated fairway and port dues


Department:
Office of Transportation and Air Quality


JobTitle:
Assistant of the Commissioner for the Environment


Organisation:
Department of Environment, Heritage & Local Government


Organisation:
Helsinki Metropolitan area council (YTV) and the cities of Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa


JobTitle:
Senior policy officer transport and Environment

Organisation:
Ministry of the Environment [VROM/DGM/LMV/MOVE IPC 635]]


JobTitle:
Ministerialraetin; Referatsleiterin Luft-reinhaltung und Verkehr (V – 3)


Department:
Environmental Health & Trading Standards


Organisation:
City of Turku, Environmental Protection Office


Organisation:
Air Quality in Selected Megacities (Molina et al 2004)


Organisation:
INSTITUT BRUXELLOIS POUR LA GESTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT


Department:
Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch

Organisation:
short term transportation intervention study

AddressL1:
National Center for Environmental Health

AddressL2:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


JobTitle:
Natural Resource and Environmental Economics


Organisation:
ASPA (Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air en Alsace)


# tblSector

SDisplayText:
Mobile sector - Non Public Transport HDV  (Diesel)


SDisplayText:
Mobile sector - Non Public Transport HDV  (Non-diesel)


SDisplayText:
Mobile sector - Non Public Transport HDV  (All)


SDisplayText:
Mobile sector - Public Transport HDV (Diesel)


SDisplayText:
Mobile sector - Public Transport HDV (Non-diesel)


SDisplayText:
Mobile sector - Public Transport HDV (All)


SDisplayText:
Mobile sector - Cars (including Taxis) (Petrol)


SDisplayText:
Mobile sector - Cars (including Taxis) (Diesel)


SDisplayText:
Mobile sector - Cars (including Taxis) (Other)


SDisplayText:
Mobile sector - Cars (including Taxis) (All)


SDisplayText:
Mobile sector - 2-wheeled vehicles (Petrol)


SDisplayText:
Mobile sector - 2-wheeled vehicles (Other)


SDisplayText:
Mobile sector - 2-wheeled vehicles (All)


SDisplayText:
Stationary sectors - Industrial Processes (All)


SDisplayText:
Stationary sectors - Industry - Combustion (Solid fuel)


SDisplayText:
Stationary sectors - Industry - Combustion (Liquid fuel)


SDisplayText:
Stationary sectors - Industry - Combustion (Gaseous fuel)


SDisplayText:
Stationary sectors - Industry - Combustion (Unknown)


SDisplayText:
Stationary sectors - Commercial/institutional/domestic - Combustion (Solid fuel)


SDisplayText:
Stationary sectors - Commercial/institutional/domestic - Combustion (Liquid fuel)


SDisplayText:
Stationary sectors - Commercial/institutional/domestic - Combustion (Gaseous fuel)


SDisplayText:
Stationary sectors - Commercial/institutional/domestic - Combustion (Unknown)


SDisplayText:
Stationary sectors - Other - Combustion (All)


SDisplayText:
Stationary sectors - Other - Use of products (All)


SDisplayText:
Stationary sectors - Other - Other (All)


SDisplayText:
Regional sources not under local control


# tblStandard

Standard:
Target value for the protection of human health

Criteria:
Maximum daily 8-hour mean of 120µg/m³ not to be exceeded on more than 25 days a calendar year averaged over 3 years from 1/1/2010


Standard:
Target value for the protection of vegetation

Criteria:
May to July AOT40 value of less than 18000µg/m³-h averaged over 5 years


Standard:
Long term objective for the protection of human health

Criteria:
Maximum daily 8-hour mean within a calendar year of 120µg/m³ from 2020


Criteria:
1 hour mean of 240µg/m³ measured or predicted over 3 consecutive hours at locations representative of the zone or agglomeration from now


FormStr:
Ozone long-term objective for vegetation

Standard:
Long term objective for the protection of vegetation

Criteria:
May to July AOT40 value of less than 6000µg/m³-h from 2020


Criteria:
500mg/m³ measured over 3 consecutive hours at locations representative of the zone or agglomeration from now


Standard:
Hourly limit value for the protection of human health

Criteria:
1 hour mean of 350µg/m³ not to be exceeded more than 24 times a calendar year by 1/1/2005


Standard:
Limit value for the protection of ecosystems

Criteria:
Calendar year and winter mean of 20µg/m³ from now


Standard:
Daily limit value for the protection of human health

Criteria:
24 hour mean of 125µg/m³ not to be exceeded more than 3 times a calendar year by 1/1/2005


Criteria:
500µg/m³ measured over 3 consecutive hours at locations representative of the zone or agglomeration from now


Criteria:
1 hour mean of 200µg/m³ not to be exceeded more than 18 times a calendar year from 1/1/2010


Standard:
Annual limit value for the protection of ecosystems


Standard:
Annual limit value for the protection of human health

Criteria:
Calendar year mean of 40µg/m³ from 1/1/2010


Standard:
Limit value for the protection of human health

Criteria:
Calendar year mean of 5µg/m³ from 1/1/2010


FormStr:
PM10 24-hour limit value for health (Stage 1)

Standard:
Stage 1 24-Hour limit value for the protection of human health

Criteria:
24 hour mean of 50µg/m³ not to be exceeded more than 35 times a calendar year from 1/1/2005


FormStr:
PM10 24-hour limit value for health (Stage 2)

Standard:
Stage 2 24-Hour limit value for the protection of human health

Criteria:
24 hour mean of 50µg/m³ not to be exceeded more than 7 times a calendar year from 1/1/2010


FormStr:
PM10 annual limit value for health (Stage 2)

Standard:
Stage 2 Annual limit value for the protection of human health

Criteria:
Calendar year mean of 20µg/m³ from 1/1/2010


FormStr:
PM10 annual limit value for health (Stage 1)

Standard:
Stage 1 Annual limit value for the protection of human health

Criteria:
Calendar year mean of 40µg/m³ from 1/1/2005


Criteria:
Maximum daily 8-hour mean of 10mg/m³ from 1/1/2005


Criteria:
Calendar year mean of 0.5µg/m³ from 1/1/2005 or calendar year mean of 1.0µg/m³ from 1/1/2005 close to historically contaminated sites


Criteria:
Calendar year mean of 6ng/m³ in the total PM10 fraction exceeded in 3 of the last 5 years at locations representative of the zone


Criteria:
Calendar year mean of 5ng/m³ in the total PM10 fraction exceeded in 3 of the last 5 years at locations representative of the zone


Criteria:
Calendar year mean of 20ng/m³ in the total PM10 fraction exceeded in 3 of the last 5 years at locations representative of the zone


Standard:
Proposed assessment threshold and annual limit value for the protection of human health

Criteria:
Calendar year mean of 1ng/m³ in the total PM10 fraction exceeded in 3 of the last 5 years at locations representative of the zone


# tblStateOfWork

EIRef:
An emissions inventory regarding greenhouse gases has been done in cooperation with the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the New University of Lisbon. The report has not been made public yet, but will be in a near future.

APRef:
The report also includes detailed measures (action plan) to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.


APRef:
Action Plan for Traffic & Environment- Goals for air quality is part of the plan.


EIRef:
‘A Review and Assessment of Air Quality in Shropshire’ 2000 and the Local Air Quality Management – Updating and Screening Assessment 0f 2003. Available on request.

APRef:
An air quality strategy and a draft action plan has been produced in support of an Air Quality Management Area. Available on request.

SPODetail:
There is no formal link with the strategies but air quality is a key consideration in spatial planning and input to County plans on road traffic management.


APRef:
The Draft Air Quality Action Plan is available on request from the Council Offices.  The Final Action Plan will hopefully be finished in September 2004.  It will hopefully be accessible from our web pages.

SPODetail:
The actions are integrated with the Local Transport Plan, Community Strategy and the Unitary Development Plan.


EIRef:
A research project has just been completed by the EPA on an emissions inventory - please contact them for more detail on this.

APRef:
Air Regional Quality Management Plan www.dublincity.ie


EIRef:
City Environment and Natural Resources (City ENRO)Website: www.naga.gov.ph


APRef:
Environmental differentiated fairway and port dues


APRef:
Air Quality Action Plan for Sheffield Working Draft


EIRef:
Emissions Inventory available as part of Stage Four Report available from Glasgow City Council.

APRef:
Action Plan is due to be published in June 2004 and will be made available at that time


EIRef:
Report on the State of the Environment in Milan, Air Quality Action Plan of Regione Lombardia, Projest INEMAR (Inventary of Emission to Air), Libro Azzurro per la Mobilità e l’Ambiente (Blue Book for Mobility and Environment) .

APRef:
Report on the State of the Environment in Milan, Air Quality Action Plan of Regione Lombardia, Projest INEMAR (Inventary of Emission to Air), Libro Azzurro per la Mobilità e l’Ambiente (Blue Book for Mobility and Environment) .


EIRef:
STRATEGY TO REDUCE EMISSIONS OF TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION BY 2010 TO COMPLY WITH NATIONAL EMISSIONS CEILINGS DISCUSSION PAPER


APRef:
Helsinki’s Action Plan Concerning Street Dust Problems (In Finnish “Suunnitelma katupölyhaittojen ehkäisemiseksi”


EIRef:
We are the London authority that operates over the 33 local authorities in London, and provide an annually updated emissions inventory for them (for copies of the CD please email, latest year available 2001).

APRef:
We also produce a Mayor’s Air Quality Strategy (from www.london.gov.uk/mayor/strategies/air_quality/index.jsp) outlining our plans, and also giving guidance to the London local authorities for their action plans.

SPODetail:
There are also interlinking strategies on economic development, noise, energy, waste, biodiversity, and culture. They are all (legally required to be) within the context of sustainable development, health and equality of opportunity.


EIRef:
Greater London Authority London atmospheric Emission Inventory 2002 Contact Julius Mattai Policy Officer – Environmental Data Greater London Authority, City Hall, the Queen’s Walk London SE1 2AA Telephone +44 20 7983 4492 Fax +44 20 7983 4706

APRef:
Southwark Air Quality Strategy & Improvement Plan is available on CD and


APRef:
Action Plan hard copy just published and pdf version available on the website under ‘transport’


EIRef:
Air quality in selected megacities.  Molina L.T. et al, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., submitted 2004.

APRef:
Air quality in selected megacities.  Molina L.T. et al, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., submitted 2004.


EIRef:
"Plan d'amélioration structurelle de la qualité de l'air et de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique" 2002 – 2010


APRef:
C M wong et al, J Epidemiol Community Health 1998;52:571-578


APRef:
M S Friedman et al, J Am Medical Assoc, Feb 21 2001, vol 285, no7, 897.


APRef:
C A Pope III, AJPH, May 1989, Vol79 no5, pp623.


# tblTypology

TDisplayText:
Information systems aiding decision making


TDisplayText:
Access restricted at specific times (Voluntary)


TDisplayText:
Access restricted at specific times (Pricing)


TDisplayText:
Access restricted at specific times (Obligatory)


TDisplayText:
Access restricted in specific places (Voluntary)


TDisplayText:
Access restricted in specific places (Pricing)


TDisplayText:
Access restricted in specific places (Obligatory)


TDisplayText:
Restriction on vehicle numbers (Voluntary)


TDisplayText:
Restriction on vehicle numbers (Pricing)


TDisplayText:
Restriction on vehicle numbers (Obligatory)


TDisplayText:
Modal shift to less impacting modes (Voluntary)


TDisplayText:
Modal shift to less impacting modes (Pricing)


TDisplayText:
Modal shift to less impacting modes (Obligatory)


TDisplayText:
Shift to cleaner engines and/or more abatement (Voluntary)


TDisplayText:
Shift to cleaner engines and/or more abatement (Pricing)


TDisplayText:
Shift to cleaner engines and/or more abatement (Obligatory)


TDisplayText:
Low emission driving behaviour (Voluntary)


TDisplayText:
Low emission driving behaviour (Pricing)


TDisplayText:
Low emission driving behaviour (Obligatory)


TDisplayText:
All restrictions on activity levels (Voluntary)


TDisplayText:
All restrictions on activity levels (Pricing)


TDisplayText:
All restrictions on activity levels (Obligatory)


TDisplayText:
All shifts to cleaner fuels/technologies/other practical gains (Voluntary)


TDisplayText:
All shifts to cleaner fuels/technologies/other practical gains (Pricing)


TDisplayText:
All shifts to cleaner fuels/technologies/other practical gains (Obligatory)


TDisplayText:
Shift to cleaner equipment and/or more abatement (Voluntary)


TDisplayText:
Shift to cleaner equipment and/or more abatement (Pricing)


TDisplayText:
Shift to cleaner equipment and/or more abatement (Obligatory)


TDisplayText:
Waste reduction or other practical gains (Voluntary)


TDisplayText:
Waste reduction or other practical gains (Pricing)


TDisplayText:
Waste reduction or other practical gains (Obligatory)


TDisplayText:
Constraint according to time (Voluntary)


TDisplayText:
Constraint according to time (Obligatory)


TDisplayText:
All restrictions on activity (Voluntary)


TDisplayText:
All restrictions on activity (Obligatory)


